Symptoms And Treatment Of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Essay

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, also known as ALS or sometimes called Lou Gehrig’s Disease, is a progressive neurological disease affecting the nerves that control voluntary muscle movement. It is the most common type of motor neuron disease. The body isn’t able to operate as it normally does due to the muscles weakening overtime. As the disease progresses, it starts to damage nerves of other vital areas of the body. When the body isn’t able to breath the way it should causing respiratory failure and other things start to go wrong, the body has no choice, but to shut down and die. (ALS Association) Lou Gehrig’s disease came into public awareness from a famous New York Yankees baseball player who was forced to retire after developing the disease and died two years later. It was originally discovered in 1869 by a French neurologist named Jean-Martin Charcot. He was the first man to be able to connect motor neurons in the spinal cord to the ALS disease. (Medical News Today) The name Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is derived from Greek origin. Amyotrophic broken down with A meaning no, myo referring to muscles, and trophic meaning nourishment. The three roots equal the meaning of â€Å"no muscle nourishment†. When muscles lose their nourishment, they are not able to stay strong and can withhold their shape. Lateral being the spinal cord and its position to the body and sclerosis is defined as abnormal hardening of body tissue. When body tissue is hardened, it is not able to have newShow MoreRelatedALS Essay1042 Words   |  5 Pagesand the immediate cause of death is respiratory failure, pneumonia, or cardiac arrhythmias (Arbesman, M; Sheard, K). According to Arbesman and Sheard, about ten percent of people with ALS survive ten years or more (Arbesman, M; Sheard, K). Early symptoms of ALS diagnosed individuals include muscle twitches in the upper and lower extremities and in the tongue, muscle cramps, stiff muscles, muscle weakness in the arm, leg , or diaphragm, slurred or nasal speech, difficulty chewing or swallowing (ALSRead MoreEssay on What is Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?1064 Words   |  5 PagesAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis is short for ALS, and is often referred to as â€Å"Lou Gehrig’s disease.† Lou Gehrig was born in New York in June 19, 1903. In April of 1923, Lou Gehrig signed his first contract with the New York Yankees. He played for the Yankees for 15 years and lead them to 6 World Series between 1927 and 1938. Gehrig was known as a seven-time all-star champion, for his batting average and was named twice the American Leagues MVP; He later earned the name of the Iron Horse (Lou GehrigRead MoreAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Muscular Atrophy: an Annotated Bibliography1388 Words   |  6 PagesAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Muscular Atrophy: An Annotated Bibliography Abramovitz, Melissa. Lou Gehrigs Disease p17-61. Treatment for ALS or Lou Gehrigs disease has found that Vitamin E and the drug known as Riluzole can help the progression of the disease. When taking the medication Riluzole it has shown to prolong survival in patients by two to three months and it has also delayed the use for breathing support. There is a few side effects to taking Riluzole, such as headache, dizzinessRead MoreOrgan Lateral Sclerosis : A Disease That Affects The Nervous System1578 Words   |  7 PagesAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a disease that affects the Nervous system as well as the Muscular System as well, this disease is defined as a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. A-myo-trophic is a Greek term when translated it means â€Å"No muscle Nourishment†. This lack of nourishment causes a reaction within the muscles leading to their eventual break down, otherwise known as â€Å"atrophiesà ¢â‚¬  which is a simple term meaning that the muscleRead MoreHenry Louis Gehrig was a popular German-American baseball player. He was most known for several1400 Words   |  6 PagesGehrig was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis when he was 36. Sadly, within two years he had succumbed to the disease. Lou Gehrig was well known in his lifetime as a great baseball player but in his death he has been most noted for his diagnosis of ASL. Before the public announcement of the reasons for his retirement, many Americans had not heard of the disease. Because of this, his name is a trademark of its discovery. Theoretically, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ASL) is a disorder thatRead MoreAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - 11013 Words   |  5 Pagesgenetic disorder called Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a genetic disorder that occurs in the nervous system. Each word in ALS briefly describes what the disorder is. Amyotrophic has two parts to it. The prefix â€Å"amyo† means muscular atrophy. Atrophy means to waste away, typically due to the degeneration of cells. The suffix â€Å"trophic† means that it is relating to feeding and nutrition. So to sum it up, amyotrophic means that the musclesRead MoreSpeech Amyotrophic Lateral Disease : Is A Chronic And Terminal Disease That Affects The Lower And Upper Motor Neurons1725 Words   |  7 PagesThis research paper is being written to address Amyotrophic lateral disease (ALS), which is a chronic and terminal disease that affects the lower and upper motor neurons (Srivastava, 2014). ALS is usually fatal within a few years of inception and affects 2-5 per 100,000 people annually worldwide (Donnelly, Grima, Sattler, 2014). This disease usually affects the patient physically and emotionally and as well as their support system. As of this year, no cure has been developed for this disease. TheRead MoreAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis1478 Words   |  6 PagesAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also known as ALS or Lou Gehrigs disease, is a disease of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movement. Jean-Marie Charcot was the first to recognize ALS as a distinct neurological disease with its own unique pathology. In ALS, nerve cells degenerate and deteriorate, and are unable to transmit messages to muscles. In around 90% of the cases of ALS, the cause remains unknown. Studies have concentrated on the responsibility of glutamateRead MoreDestruction Of The Neurons Responsible For Involuntary Muscle Movement1593 Words   |  7 PagesAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also called Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a neurodegenerative motor disease that results in the destruction of the neurons responsible for involuntary muscle movement (NINDS 2014). Patients are determined to have ALS if they have both upper motor neuron disease and lower motor neuron disease (Gordon 2011). Many people that have been diagnosed with ALS are seen in wheelchairs or if the person is in the early onset of ALS, using other walkingRead MoreThe Consequences Of Mutations1075 Words   |  5 Pagesfewer than 20,000 individuals in the United States each year (Tay-Sachs Causes, 2016). This disease may appear in three different stages of life. In infantile Tay-Sachs, the most common form, symptoms begin appearing at about six months of age (Tay-Sachs Disease, 2012). In juvenile Tay-Sachs, symptoms begin at two to five years of age, and appear in late adolescence or early adulthood in late onset Tay-Sachs (Tay-Sachs Causes, 2016). Tay-Sachs is caused by an insertion mutation on chromosome

Factors and Effects of Low Body Satisfaction - 2082 Words

To understand how people feel about themselves, researchers have investigated body image, body satisfaction and self-esteem. In the scientific literature, adolescents’ body image has received enormous attention, but research has focused predominantly on girls and body dissatisfaction, rather than positive body image. Low body satisfaction has been associated with the development of mental health conditions, both eating related and global, hence focus on body dissatisfaction is warranted. Studies have shown a low body satisfaction is associated with mild eating concerns, such as frequent dieting and has further been reported to be predictive in the development of eating disorders (Ackard, Croll Kearney-Cooke, 2002). Increased depressive symptoms, anxiety, low self-esteem and an increase in risk-taking behaviours (Granner, Black Abood, 2002) such as alcohol use, substance abuse and tobacco use also has association with low body dissatisfaction. In Western culture, a major cause of body dissatisfaction among females is the perceived pressure from society because an emphasis of the ideal body shape is unrealistically thin, repeatedly portrayed through the media where females may feel the need to conform (McCabe Ricciardelli, 2003). Males feel pressure to follow the sociocultural ideal body form of a V-shaped muscular build with broad shoulders and a lean waste-line (Raudenbush Zellner, 1997). These societal pressures can be persuasive during adolescence andShow MoreRelatedEffect of Gender on Self-Esteem in China1432 Words   |  6 PagesHead: VALID OR NOT Effects of Gender on Self-Esteem in China Name of Student School Abstract Six studies present varying results on the effect of gender on self-esteem. Watkins Yu (1993) found gender to have little effect on self-esteem but much on self-concept and self-satisfaction, especially among Chinese women. Zhang Leung (2002) suggested the moderating factors of gender and age in the connection between individual and collective self-esteem and life satisfaction. Their research concludedRead MoreWhy Cosmetic Surgery Improves Mental Health1689 Words   |  7 Pagespsychological variables such as body image, self-esteem, and mental health. Body image specifically has been suggested to be a crucial factor in the desire to undergo cosmetic surgery. This is based off two important components including body image evaluation, referring to how satisfied a person is with his or her own body, and body image orientation, indicating how important body image is for a person. A person with a low body image evaluation combined with a high body image orientation increasesRead M oreEssay about Movie Icons1614 Words   |  7 PagesClifford started the trend where the standards of beauty were set around 140 pounds, at 5’4† feet tall. Back then, the ideal female body is by having a smaller mid-section (e.g. hourglass ideal/corsets). Marilyn Monroe’s tiny waist and seemingly large bust line triggered female fans to start to engage more on physical activities. The outburst on slender-looking portrayal of body-image began in early 1960s (e.g. Fashion icon, Twiggy). Most western societies experience enormous pressures on individuals toRead MoreThe Effects Of Eating Disorders On Health872 Words   |  4 PagesHealth can be expressed in many different ways: physical health is easily identified by an individual’s ability to perform tasks with agility, endurance or speed. There are ways to enhance these factors through exercise and healthy eating as well as regular health screenings. However, there is another facet of human health that is less easily identified: mental health. Mental health impacts everyone in varying ways and in varying degrees. Sometimes the symptoms are easily identified, such as withRead MoreBody Dissatisfaction And Eating Disorders946 Words   |  4 Pages Body image involves awareness of the form, shape, and size of one’s body (Cash, 2012). This includes both a perceptual awareness of one’s appearance and an attitude toward one’s appearance (Cash, 2012). Body dissatisfaction involves the attitudinal portion of body image, which refers to the extent to which a person is displeased with his or her body (Cash, 2012). Body dissatisfaction contributes to the development of eating disorders because when people are dissatisfied with their appearance, theyRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On The Health Of Americans And People All Across The World1514 Words   |  7 Pages Obesity is a very serious threat to the health of Americans and people all across the world. A plethora of studies have been done to confirm the adverse effects of obesity on an individual s health. Obesity rates have been skyrocketing in the past 30 years. The year 2000 marked the first time in human history that the percentage of obesity in the human population rose over 50% (Obesity: A Cultural and Biocultural Perspective). Obesity, as well as childhood obesity, is more prevalent than everRead MoreJob Satisfaction Among Care Managers1422 Words   |  6 PagesProblem Statement Arches (1991) defined job satisfaction as â€Å"an affective state describing feelings about one’s work.† Job satisfaction among care managers and explanation for their levels must be researched as when job satisfaction levels are low there are high levels of burnout and turnover (Arches, 1991). Studies have been performed that demonstrate that social workers that play the role of care managers often succumb to feelings of burnout. Arches (1991) defined as â€Å"to a cluster of physicalRead MoreHow Does Self Discrepancy Of Media Influenced Body Image Affect Adolescents Self Esteem?1235 Words   |  5 PagesSection A: Project Details Title: How does self-discrepancy of media-influenced body image affect adolescents’ self-esteem? Abstract: Research has shown that exposure to thin-ideal media is related to body dissatisfaction. Consequently, the accumulated dissatisfying emotions regarding one’s body can evolve into distorted body perception. Such disturbed body image has been evident as associated with low self-esteem. Nonetheless, little research has sought to elucidate the rationales for these perplexedRead MorePhysical Based Programs As Interventions For At Risk Youth Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pagesoutdoor adventure programs, sport and skill based programs, and physical fitness programs. However, the researchers report that the risk of bias in the existing studies is high. None of the studies reported power calculations to detect the hypothesized effect. Additionally, few of the studies reported attrition rate of participants, or randomization techniques. The authors conclude that although the existing studies of physical based interventions contain methodological flaws, there is some evidence toRe ad More The Medias Influence on Eating Disorders Essay example1100 Words   |  5 Pageseating disorders are conditions that arise from factors including physical, psychological, interpersonal, and social issues. Media images help define cultural definitions of beauty and attractiveness and are often acknowledged as one of the factors that contribute to the rise of eating disorders (NEDA). The National Eating Disorders Associations website, The Effect of the Media on Body Satisfaction in Adolescent Girls, The Medias Influence on Body Image Disturbance and Eating Disorders, and Dieting

History of Optometry Free Essays

The history of optometry can be traced back to the early studies on optics and image formation by the eye. The origins of optometric science (optics, as taught in a basic physics class) date back a few thousand years BC as evidence of the existence of lenses for decoration has been found. It is unknown when the first spectacles were made, but the British scientist and historian Sir Joseph Needham stated in his research that the ancient Chinese invented the earliest eyeglasses 1000 years ago and were also mentioned by the Venetian Marco Polo in his account of his travels in ancient China. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Optometry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alternatively, research by David A. Goss in the United States, shows they may have originated independently in the late 13th century in Italy as stated in a manuscript from 1305 where a monk from Pisa named Rivalto stated â€Å"It is not yet 20 years since there was discovered the art of making eyeglasses†. Spectacles were manufactured in Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands by 1300. Benito Daza de Valdes published the third book on optometry in 1623, where he mentioned the use and fitting of eyeglasses. In 1692, William Molyneux wrote a book on optics and lenses where he stated his ideas on myopia and problems related to close-up vision. The scientists Claudius Ptolemy and Johannes Kepler also contributed to the creation of optometry. Kepler discovered how the retina in the eye creates vision. From 1773 until around 1829, Thomas Young discovered the disability of astigmatism and it was George Biddell Airy who designed glasses to correct that problem that included spherocylindrical lens. Although the term optometry appeared in the 1759 book A Treatise on the Eye: The Manner and Phenomena of Vision by Scottish physician William Porterfield, it was not until the early twentieth century in the United States and Australia that it began to be used to describe the profession. By the late twentieth century however, marking the distinction with dispensing opticians, it had become the internationally accepted term. How to cite History of Optometry, Essay examples

Investigating how pH effects the enzyme trypsin acting on coloured gelatin free essay sample

The results from the experiment determining the effects of pH on enzyme activity show that as the independent variable, pH, increases the dependent variable, percentage transmission, decreases. This is shown in the results as at the lowest pH, pH 4. 0 the average percentage transmission is at its highest at 97%. At the highest pH, pH 8. 0 the average transmission is 78. 5%. This is also supported from the graph as it produces a negative gradient showing that as the percentage transmission will decrease with an increasing pH. This happens because the enzyme trypsin acts on the gelatine. Therefore as the pH increases towards the optimum pH more jelly will be broken down by the enzyme, allowing less light to pass through the solution which would thus decrease the percentage transmission. Trend: The trend in the results and from the graph show that the more the pH increases the lower the percentage transmission will be. However from looking at the results an optimum pH is unidentifiable. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating how pH effects the enzyme trypsin acting on coloured gelatin or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is because the range of pHs used in the experiment is limited from 4. 0 to 8.0; the percentage transmission may have continued to decrease as the pH became more alkaline. On the other hand from the pHs used we can deduce that the optimum is 8. 0 as it gives the lowest percentage transmission which shows that the enzyme is more effective in this condition and breaks down the jelly more effectively than when it is in the solutions of lower pH values. This agrees with the hypothesis as it stated; â€Å"Most digestion and most colour release from the jelly would be expected at a pH of 8 and in solutions above or below this pH less colour should be released. † Biological evidence to support results: The relationship shown between the percentage transmission and pH occurs as the enzyme trypsin works best in more alkaline conditions. This is because it is found in the body in the duodenum where the pH is alkaline, which supports the results as in this experiment the pH was 8. Therefore as the pH increases more gelatine will be broken down because towards the optimum the active site of trypsin best facilitates the formation of the enzyme-substrate complexes as the active site will be the optimal shape for attachment. Less light can pass through the solution due to the gelatine being hydrolysed, which is the breaking of the peptide bonds between the NH2 and the COOH resulting in these forming groups on the amino acids. If more gelatine is hydrolysed there were be a greater amount of colour released from the jelly. At a lower pH such as pH 4 or 5, the more acidic conditions reduce the enzyme activity. This is because the structure of the protein and therefore the active site of the enzyme are altered by changes in pH. In particular ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and disulphide in the tertiary structure may be disrupted, this can cause and unravelling of the tertiary globular structure, the enzyme is said to be denatured. So at non-optimal pH the substrate attaches less readily to the enzyme as the active site is no longer complementary to the substrate. It is only the optimal when the active site will best facilitate the enzyme-substrate complex formation. It is the unique R-groups of the amino acids that form a particular structure and the active site. There is therefore a specific active site formed by the R-group that best facilitates the bonding of the substrate to the trypsin. Evaluation: For measuring the percentage transmission results a colourimeter was used. This is because eye judgement is insufficient and using the colourimeter provides quantitative values. Due to the red pigmentation of the gelatine and trypsin solution a blue filter must be used in the colourimeter. A blue filter transmits blue light. Blue is also at the opposite end of the spectrum to the red, the blue light is then absorbed by the red solution and a reading can be taken. The pipette and pi-pumps were used to transfer the buffer solutions, distilled water and the trypsin into the boiling tubes. These were used as the pipette is the most accurate way of ensuring the exact amount of solution is used. When transferring the solutions into the boiling tubes you must touch the surface of the solution with the bottom of the pipette, this means that all the solution is added to the tube and therefore will increase the reliability. To improve the results from the experiment buffer solutions that were not whole pHs could have been used e. g. pH 4. 5, 5. 5 etc. This would have provided more reliable results as a wider range of results would have been produced. Using pHs with decimals would also help to more accurately determine the optimum pH as the optimum may have been above or below the pH stated in the hypothesis; 8. In this experiment however the optimum is taken at 8 because the graph does not rise again. To ensure the experiment was kept as a fair test a number of variables were controlled. The temperature of the solutions was kept constant by placing the boiling tubes into a test tube rack and setting it into a water bath with a fixed temperature of 25oC. The temperature needed to be kept low and fixed as a high temperature would denature the enzymes, they would therefore be unable to break down the gelatine and no results would be produced from the experiment. Keeping a constant temperature also meant that the solutions reacted at the same rate. The time in the water bath was also controlled to ensure that the enzymes were left to react for the same amount of time, making the experiment fair. If the enzymes were not exposed to the temperature for long enough then they would not have reacted well enough to produce valid results. The enzyme concentration used was a 2% concentration of Trypsin. If a higher concentration had been used in some of the boiling tubes the rate of the reaction would have increased. This is because there would have been more available active sites for the substrate to bind to; forming enzyme-substrate complexes at a faster rate and therefore more of the jelly would have been broken down during the time. Whereas if a lower concentration was used the active sites would be saturated and the rate would decrease. When cutting the jelly cubes the size needs to be uniform for the cubes. If the cubes are too small there isn’t a sufficient amount to be broken down by the Trypsin, causing the results to be unreliable. If they are too large then they may not completely dissolve in the solution meaning that they will block the light passing through the solution in the colourimeter. Validity of Results: Due to the wide range of results they are not reliable as there is no narrow range and there are many areas of the experiment that could have caused a decrease in the reliability of the results. The jelly cubes were not cut to the exact same size. This would have caused a decrease in the rate if they were too small. It could have been improved by measuring the lengths of the sides of the cubes and weighing them to find out their mass. A series of precautions must also be taken using the colourimeter. The cuvettes must be clean with no finger prints. If they are dirty it will stop light passing through the cuvette to the colourimeter making the results unreliable. The same cuvette must also be used throughout and it needs to be orientated in the same way. The cuvette must be filled with sufficient solution to ensure the light is intercepted. If there is not enough solution the light will pass straight through producing a high unreliable reading. Assessment of Pooled Results: pH Lowest Percentage Transmission Highest Percentage Transmission Range 4. 0 77 99 22 5. 0 70 93 23 6. 0 64 94 30 7. 0 60 89 29 8. 0 58 85 27 The pooled results provide a wide range of results that makes the final results unreliable. There is a large range constant throughout the results. There are also some large differences between repeated results. It should have been expected that the pooled results would have been reliable as there are essentially 9 repeats. The main reason the data is unreliable is because the jelly cubes were cut too small and across the different groups there would be no uniform size of cubes. The small cube size would affect the results because of the small surface area. The Trypsin would have had enough time to break down the gelatine. There also should have been a greater spread of pH between 4. 0 and 8. 0. If the experiment was to be repeated larger jelly cube sizes would need to be used to improve the reliability.